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Turizmde Fotoğraf (Fotoğrafçı-Fotoğraflanan Etkileşimi Üzerine Bir Araştırma)

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 898 - 919, 01.07.2020

Abstract

Teknolojide yaşanan gelişmeler fotoğraf makinalarının da dijitalleşmesini dolayısıyla fotoğrafçılığın kolaylaşmasını sağlamıştır. Fotoğraf çekmeye değer bir nesneyi fotoğraflamak, görüntülemek, düzenlemek, kolayca taşımak, saklamak daha kolay hale gelmiş ve dijitalleşme ile fotoğrafçılık da gelişmiştir. Artık insanlar bir destinasyonda yüzlerce binlerce fotoğraf çekip bu fotoğraflar içerisinden iyi olanları seçerek arşivlemektedir. Özellikle turizmde fotoğraf önemli bir yere sahiptir. Günümüz çalışma temposu dikkate alındığında, insanların seyahat yaptıkları destinasyonlarda fotoğraf çekmeleri hatıralarını biriktirmeleri bir ihtiyacı karşılamaktadır. Fotoğrafsız bir tatil düşünülebilir mi? Elbette hayır, çünkü fotoğraf turizmi delillendiren en önemli araçlardan birisidir. Ayrıca destinasyonları bir görüntüye dönüştürmek hatta bu görüntüyü hatıra eşya gibi kullanmak paylaşmak, özellikle turistik deneyim elde eden turistlerin sıkça kullandığı yöntemdir. Bu sebeple günümüzde seyahat edilen yer ile ilgili fotoğraf biriktirme bir alışkanlık haline gelerek bir ihtiyacı gidermektedir. Bu çalışma Konya turizminin en yoğun olarak yaşandığı 2019 yılı Aralık ayı Şeb-i Aruz haftasında, turistlere turistik ürün satışı yapan 25 hediyelik eşya satıcısı ve sokak satıcısına mülakat yoluyla uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, ses kayıt cihazı ile kaydedilmiş veriler, transkript edilerek yazılı dokümanlara dönüştürülmüştür. Dokümanlardaki verilerin ortak ve ayrılan noktaları kategorilere ayrılarak içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Kategoriler frekans ve yüzde hesabı yapılarak incelenmiştir.

References

  • Albers, C. P., & James, R. W. (1988). Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(1), 134–158.
  • Bandyopadhyay, R. (2011). A photo ethnography of tourism as neo-colonialism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 714–718.
  • Belk, R., & Yeh, J. H. (2011). Tourist photographs: Signs of self. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5, 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 17506181111174628.
  • Berno, T. (1999). When a guest is a guest: Cook islanders view tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 656–675.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2003). Photography: A middle-brow art. Oxford: Polity Press.
  • Bruner, E. M. (2005). Culture on tour: Ethnographies of travel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cahyanto, I., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2013). Tourist–resident interfaces: Using reflexive photography to develop responsible rural tourism in Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(5), 732–749.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Closing the hermeneutic circle? Photographic encounters with the other. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 7–26.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Closing the hermeneutic circle? Photographic encounters with the other. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, 7–26.
  • Chalfen, R. M. (1979). Photography’s role in tourism: Some unexplored relationships. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 435–447.
  • Cederholm, E. A. (2004). The use of photo elicitation in tourism research: Framing the backpacker experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(3), 225–241.
  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 371–386.
  • Cohen, E., Nir, Y., & Almagor, U. (1992). Stranger-local interaction in photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 213–233.
  • Dann, G., & Cohen, E. (1991). Sociology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18, 155–169.
  • Davies, J. (2012). Facework on Facebook as a new literacy practice. Computers & Education, 59(1), 19–29.
  • Edensor, T. (1998). Tourists at the Taj: Performance and meaning at a symbolic site. London: Routledge.
  • Edensor, T. (2000). Staging tourist: Tourists as performers. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 322–344.
  • Garlick, S. (2002). Revealing the unseen: Tourism, art and photography. Cultural Studies, 16(2), 289–305.
  • Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343
  • Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. –366
  • Gillespie, A. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343–366.
  • Gillet, S., Schmitz, P., & Mitas, O. (2016). The snap-happy tourist: The effects of photographing behavior on tourists' happiness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(1), 37–57.
  • Haldrup, M., & Larsen, J. (2010). Tourism, performance and the everyday: Consuming the orient. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, S. (Ed.). (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage Publications.
  • Hillman, W. (2007). Travel authenticated? Postcards, tourist brochures, and travel photography. Tourism Analysis, 12(3), 135–148.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., & Holloway, D. (2011). The intratourist gaze: Grey nomads and ‘other tourists’. Tourist Studies, 11(1), 235–252.
  • Höckert, E., Lüthje, M., Ilola, H., & Stewart, E. (2018). Gazes and faces in tourist photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 131–140.
  • Höckert, E. (2018). Negotiating hospitality: Ethics of tourism development in the Nicaraguan highlands. London: Routledge.
  • Hunter, W. C. (2008). A typology of photographic representations for tourism: Depictions of groomed spaces. Tourism Management, 29(2), 354–365. , H., & Stewart, E. (2018). Gazes and faces in tourist photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 131–140.
  • Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers. (2013: May 29). 2013 Internet trends report. http://www.kpcb.com/insights/2013-internettrends Retrieved 08.18.2019
  • Konijn, E., Sluimer, N., & Mitas, O. (2016). Patterns in tourist photography and sharing. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 525–535.
  • Lafferty, J. (2013: July 11). Study: What does it look like when a Facebook photo goes viral?.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Geographies of tourist photography. geographies of communication: The spatial turn in media studies. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Larsen, J. (2008). Practices and flows of digital photography: An ethnographic framework. Mobilities, 3(1), 141–160.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Picturing Bornholm: Producing and consuming a tourist place through picturing practices. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6, 75–94.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Geographies of tourist photography. geographies of communication: The spatial turn in media studies. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Larsen, J. (2005). Families seen sightseeing: Performativity of tourist photography. Space and Culture, 8, 416–434.
  • Lin, Y. S., & Huang, J. Y. (2005). Internet blogs as a tourism marketing medium: A case study. Journal of Business Research, 59, 1201–1205.
  • Lo, I. S. T., & McKercher, B. (2015). Ideal image in process: Online tourist photography and impression management. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 104–116.
  • Lo, I. S., McKercher, B., Lo, A., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2011). Tourism and online photography. Tourism Management, 32(4), 725–731.
  • MacCannell, D. (1987). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221–239.
  • Markwell, K. W. (1997). Dimensions of photography in a nature-based tour. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), 131–155.
  • Mostafanezhad, M., & Norum, R. (2018). Tourism in the post-selfie era. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 131–132.
  • Nikjoo, A., & Bakhshi, H. (2019). The presence of tourists and residents in shared travel photos Pattison, H. (2013). Picturing tourism: Conceptualizing the Gambian host gaze through photographs. In O. Moufakkir, & Y. Reisinger (Eds.). The host gaze in global tourism (pp. 93–110). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • Nijland, D., Hastedt, L., & Mitas, O. (2014). Postcard makers and opportunists: Processes of photographing behaviour. Papers presented at the 14th canad
  • Nir, Y. (1995). Photographic representation and social interaction: The case of the Holy Land. History of Photography, 19(3), 185–194
  • Pocock, C. (2009). Entwined histories: Photography and tourism at the Great Barrier Reef. In M. Robinson & D. Picard (Eds.), The framed world: Tourism, tourists and photography (pp. 199–216). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate ian congress on leisure research (CCLR)Canada: Halifax -05-2014
  • Prideaux, B., Lee, L. Y. S., & Tsang, N. (2018). A comparison of photo-taking and onlinesharing behaviors of mainland Chinese and Western theme park visitors based on generation membership. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 24(1), 29–43.
  • Rosenberg, J., & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 17(1), 1–18.
  • Scarles, C. (2012). The photographed other: Interplays of agency in tourist photography in Cusco, Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 928–950.
  • Scarles, C. (2013). The ethics of tourist photography: Tourists' experiences of photographing locals in Peru. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 31(5), 897–917.
  • Scarles, C. (2009). Becoming tourist: Renegotiating the visual in the tourist experience. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27, 465–488.
  • Schmallegger, D., & Carson, D. (2008). Blogs in tourism: Changing approaches to information exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), 99–110.
  • Slikker, N., & Koens, K. (2015). “Breaking the silence”: Local perceptions of slum tourism in Dharavi. Tourism Review International, 19(1–2), 75–86.
  • Stylianou -Lambert, T. (2012). Tourists with cameras: Reproducing or producing? Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1817–1838.
  • Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. New York: Picador: First Picador USA 2001.
  • Su, M. M., Long, Y., Wall, G., & Jin, M. (2016). Tourist–community interactions in ethnic tourism: Tuva villages, Kanas Scenic Area, China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 14(1), 1–26.
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Van House, N. A. (2007). Flickr and public image-sharing: Distant closeness and photo exhibition. In CHI ’07 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2717–2722). San Jose, CA, USA: ACM.
  • Vogt, C. A., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1995). Tourists and retailers' perceptions of services. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 763–780.
  • Walther, J. B., Heide, B. V. D., Kim, S., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. T. (2008). The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34(1), 28–49.
  • Wang, D., Park, S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2012). The role of smartphones in mediating the touristic experience. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 371–387.
  • Whittaker, E. (2009). Photographing race: The discourse of tourist stereotypes. In M. Robinson, & D. Picard (Eds.). The framed world: Tourism, tourists and photography (pp. 117–137). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Yang, Z., Hu, H., & Wall, G. (2017). From gaze to dialogue: Host–guest relationships in Lijiang, China, as illustrated by the case of Joseph F. Rock. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 74–87.
Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 898 - 919, 01.07.2020

Abstract

References

  • Albers, C. P., & James, R. W. (1988). Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(1), 134–158.
  • Bandyopadhyay, R. (2011). A photo ethnography of tourism as neo-colonialism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 714–718.
  • Belk, R., & Yeh, J. H. (2011). Tourist photographs: Signs of self. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5, 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 17506181111174628.
  • Berno, T. (1999). When a guest is a guest: Cook islanders view tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 656–675.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2003). Photography: A middle-brow art. Oxford: Polity Press.
  • Bruner, E. M. (2005). Culture on tour: Ethnographies of travel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cahyanto, I., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2013). Tourist–resident interfaces: Using reflexive photography to develop responsible rural tourism in Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(5), 732–749.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Closing the hermeneutic circle? Photographic encounters with the other. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 7–26.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Closing the hermeneutic circle? Photographic encounters with the other. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, 7–26.
  • Chalfen, R. M. (1979). Photography’s role in tourism: Some unexplored relationships. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 435–447.
  • Cederholm, E. A. (2004). The use of photo elicitation in tourism research: Framing the backpacker experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(3), 225–241.
  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 371–386.
  • Cohen, E., Nir, Y., & Almagor, U. (1992). Stranger-local interaction in photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 213–233.
  • Dann, G., & Cohen, E. (1991). Sociology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18, 155–169.
  • Davies, J. (2012). Facework on Facebook as a new literacy practice. Computers & Education, 59(1), 19–29.
  • Edensor, T. (1998). Tourists at the Taj: Performance and meaning at a symbolic site. London: Routledge.
  • Edensor, T. (2000). Staging tourist: Tourists as performers. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 322–344.
  • Garlick, S. (2002). Revealing the unseen: Tourism, art and photography. Cultural Studies, 16(2), 289–305.
  • Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343
  • Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. –366
  • Gillespie, A. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343–366.
  • Gillet, S., Schmitz, P., & Mitas, O. (2016). The snap-happy tourist: The effects of photographing behavior on tourists' happiness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(1), 37–57.
  • Haldrup, M., & Larsen, J. (2010). Tourism, performance and the everyday: Consuming the orient. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, S. (Ed.). (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage Publications.
  • Hillman, W. (2007). Travel authenticated? Postcards, tourist brochures, and travel photography. Tourism Analysis, 12(3), 135–148.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., & Holloway, D. (2011). The intratourist gaze: Grey nomads and ‘other tourists’. Tourist Studies, 11(1), 235–252.
  • Höckert, E., Lüthje, M., Ilola, H., & Stewart, E. (2018). Gazes and faces in tourist photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 131–140.
  • Höckert, E. (2018). Negotiating hospitality: Ethics of tourism development in the Nicaraguan highlands. London: Routledge.
  • Hunter, W. C. (2008). A typology of photographic representations for tourism: Depictions of groomed spaces. Tourism Management, 29(2), 354–365. , H., & Stewart, E. (2018). Gazes and faces in tourist photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 131–140.
  • Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers. (2013: May 29). 2013 Internet trends report. http://www.kpcb.com/insights/2013-internettrends Retrieved 08.18.2019
  • Konijn, E., Sluimer, N., & Mitas, O. (2016). Patterns in tourist photography and sharing. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 525–535.
  • Lafferty, J. (2013: July 11). Study: What does it look like when a Facebook photo goes viral?.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Geographies of tourist photography. geographies of communication: The spatial turn in media studies. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Larsen, J. (2008). Practices and flows of digital photography: An ethnographic framework. Mobilities, 3(1), 141–160.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Picturing Bornholm: Producing and consuming a tourist place through picturing practices. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6, 75–94.
  • Larsen, J. (2006). Geographies of tourist photography. geographies of communication: The spatial turn in media studies. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Larsen, J. (2005). Families seen sightseeing: Performativity of tourist photography. Space and Culture, 8, 416–434.
  • Lin, Y. S., & Huang, J. Y. (2005). Internet blogs as a tourism marketing medium: A case study. Journal of Business Research, 59, 1201–1205.
  • Lo, I. S. T., & McKercher, B. (2015). Ideal image in process: Online tourist photography and impression management. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 104–116.
  • Lo, I. S., McKercher, B., Lo, A., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2011). Tourism and online photography. Tourism Management, 32(4), 725–731.
  • MacCannell, D. (1987). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221–239.
  • Markwell, K. W. (1997). Dimensions of photography in a nature-based tour. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), 131–155.
  • Mostafanezhad, M., & Norum, R. (2018). Tourism in the post-selfie era. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 131–132.
  • Nikjoo, A., & Bakhshi, H. (2019). The presence of tourists and residents in shared travel photos Pattison, H. (2013). Picturing tourism: Conceptualizing the Gambian host gaze through photographs. In O. Moufakkir, & Y. Reisinger (Eds.). The host gaze in global tourism (pp. 93–110). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • Nijland, D., Hastedt, L., & Mitas, O. (2014). Postcard makers and opportunists: Processes of photographing behaviour. Papers presented at the 14th canad
  • Nir, Y. (1995). Photographic representation and social interaction: The case of the Holy Land. History of Photography, 19(3), 185–194
  • Pocock, C. (2009). Entwined histories: Photography and tourism at the Great Barrier Reef. In M. Robinson & D. Picard (Eds.), The framed world: Tourism, tourists and photography (pp. 199–216). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate ian congress on leisure research (CCLR)Canada: Halifax -05-2014
  • Prideaux, B., Lee, L. Y. S., & Tsang, N. (2018). A comparison of photo-taking and onlinesharing behaviors of mainland Chinese and Western theme park visitors based on generation membership. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 24(1), 29–43.
  • Rosenberg, J., & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 17(1), 1–18.
  • Scarles, C. (2012). The photographed other: Interplays of agency in tourist photography in Cusco, Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 928–950.
  • Scarles, C. (2013). The ethics of tourist photography: Tourists' experiences of photographing locals in Peru. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 31(5), 897–917.
  • Scarles, C. (2009). Becoming tourist: Renegotiating the visual in the tourist experience. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27, 465–488.
  • Schmallegger, D., & Carson, D. (2008). Blogs in tourism: Changing approaches to information exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), 99–110.
  • Slikker, N., & Koens, K. (2015). “Breaking the silence”: Local perceptions of slum tourism in Dharavi. Tourism Review International, 19(1–2), 75–86.
  • Stylianou -Lambert, T. (2012). Tourists with cameras: Reproducing or producing? Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1817–1838.
  • Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. New York: Picador: First Picador USA 2001.
  • Su, M. M., Long, Y., Wall, G., & Jin, M. (2016). Tourist–community interactions in ethnic tourism: Tuva villages, Kanas Scenic Area, China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 14(1), 1–26.
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Van House, N. A. (2007). Flickr and public image-sharing: Distant closeness and photo exhibition. In CHI ’07 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2717–2722). San Jose, CA, USA: ACM.
  • Vogt, C. A., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1995). Tourists and retailers' perceptions of services. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 763–780.
  • Walther, J. B., Heide, B. V. D., Kim, S., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. T. (2008). The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34(1), 28–49.
  • Wang, D., Park, S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2012). The role of smartphones in mediating the touristic experience. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 371–387.
  • Whittaker, E. (2009). Photographing race: The discourse of tourist stereotypes. In M. Robinson, & D. Picard (Eds.). The framed world: Tourism, tourists and photography (pp. 117–137). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Yang, Z., Hu, H., & Wall, G. (2017). From gaze to dialogue: Host–guest relationships in Lijiang, China, as illustrated by the case of Joseph F. Rock. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 74–87.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tugay Arat 0000-0003-2380-280X

Şeyda Sarı 0000-0001-9290-9809

Publication Date July 1, 2020
Submission Date February 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Arat, T., & Sarı, Ş. (2020). Turizmde Fotoğraf (Fotoğrafçı-Fotoğraflanan Etkileşimi Üzerine Bir Araştırma). Selçuk İletişim, 13(2), 898-919. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.688695