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As a Continuity of the Different Forms of Violence: Gender-Based Digital Violence Against Women

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 118 - 129, 27.03.2024

Ayşe Güneş

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1440636

Abstract

The terms online or digital gender-based violence (GBV) and cyber violence against women (VAW) are generally used synonymously to address acts of online/technology-facilitated abuse against women and girls committed against them because of their gender. This paper evaluates that although online or digital dimension of VAW may not be stated and referenced in the international and regional legal frameworks, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and Council of Europe Convention on the Preventing and Combatting Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence (the Istanbul Convention), it is interpreted as a form of discrimination against women aligning with the spirit of Articles 1 and 3 of the CEDAW and several articles of the Istanbul Convention can be applied to the specific topic of digital/online violence such as Article 33 (psychological violence), Article 34 (stalking), and Article 40 (sexual harassment). This paper is desk-based research paper which analyses the issue methodologically through the CEDAW and the Istanbul Convention and their recommendations which address digital dimension of VAW.

Keywords

gender-based violence digital violence online violence the CEDAW the Istanbul Convention

References

  • Arimatsu, L. (2019). Silencing women in the digital age. Cambridge International Law Journal 8(2), 187-217.
  • Association for Progressive Communications, (APC). (2015). From impunity to justice: Domestic legal remedies for cases of technology-related violence against women. https://www.apc.org/en/pubs/impunity-justice-domestic-legal-remedies-cases-tec-0 (Accessed Date: 24 November 2023).
  • Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online violence against women: Addressing the responsibility gap?. LSE Women, Peace and Security. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2019/08/23/online-violence-against-women-addressing-the-responsibility-gap/ (Accessed Date: 26 November 2023).
  • Boethius, S., Akerstrom, M., & Hyden, M. (2023). The double-edged sword – abused women’s experiences of digital technology. European Journal of Social Work, 26(3), 506-518.
  • Boukemidja, N. B. (2018). Cyber crimes against women: Qualification and means. European Journal of Social Sciences, 1(3), 34-44.
  • CEDAW Committee. (2017). General recommendation no. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation no.19. CEDAW/C/GC/35.
  • Council of Europe. (2001). Council of Europe convention on cybercrime, (Budapest Convention). https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2010). Convention on protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Lanzorete Convention, 2010). https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=201 (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2011a). Council of Europe convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention). https://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/text-of-the-convention (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2011b). Explanatory report to the council of Europe convention on preventing and com- bating violence against women and domestic violence. Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 210. https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. Cybercrime convention committee, working group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children (CBG). https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-mapping-study-on-cyber%20violence%20-final/1680a1307c (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2019). Recommendation CM/Rec (2019)1 of the committee of ministers to member states on preventing and combating sexism. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168093b26a (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Dorokhova, E., vale, h., Laci, V., & Mahmutovic, A. (2021). Cyber violence against women and girls in the Western Balkans: Selected case studies and a cybersecurity governance approach. DCAF. https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/CyberVAWG_in_WB.pdf (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).
  • Duggan, M. (2017). Online harassment. PEW research centre. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/ (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • European Institute for Gender Equality, (EIGE). (2020). Cyber violence against women and girls. https://eige.europa.eu/thesaurus/terms/1484 (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2021). Combating gender-based violence: Cyber violence. European added value assessment. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/662621/EPRS_STU(2021)662621_EN.pdf (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023)
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, (FRA). (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Main results. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-results-report (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • Ging D., & Siapera E. (2018). Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 515-524.
  • Glitch UK and End Violence Against Women Coalition. (2020). The ripple effect: COVID-19 and the epidemic of online abuse. https://glitchcharity.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Glitch-The-Ripple-Effect-Report-COVID-19-online-abuse.pdf (Accessed Date: 22 November 2023).
  • Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, (GREVIO). (2021). General Recommendations No.1 on the Digital Dimension of Violence against Women. https://rm.coe.int/grevio-rec-no-on-digital-violence-against-women/1680a49147 (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Hall, M., & Hearn, J. (2017). Revenge pornography and manhood acts: A discourse analysis of perpetrators. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(2), 158-170.
  • Harris B. (2020). Technology, domestic and family violence: Perpetration, experiences and responses. QUT centre for justice. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199781/1/V1_Briefing_Paper_template.pdf (Accessed Date: 18 November 2023).
  • Kelly, L. (1988). Surviving sexual violence. Polity Press.
  • Şener, G., & Abınık, N. (2021). Türkiye’de dijital şiddet araştırması. KONDA Research and Consultancy. https://turkiye.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/digital_violence_report.pdf (Accessed Date: 5 December 2023).
  • United Nations Human Rights Council. (2018). Report of the special rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences on online violence against women and girls from a human rights perspective. A/HRC/38/47.
  • Wilk, A. (2018). Cyber violence and hate speech online against women. European Parliament. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/738618 (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).
  • Wilk, A. (2021). Protecting women and girls from violence in the digital age: The relevance of the Istanbul convention and the Budapest convention on cybercrime in addressing online and technology-facilitated violence against women. https://rm.coe.int/the-relevance-of-the-ic-and-the-budapest-convention-on-cybercrime-in-a/1680a5eba3 (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).

Farklı Şiddet Biçimlerinin Bir Sürekliliği Olarak Kadına Yönelik Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Dijital Şiddet

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 118 - 129, 27.03.2024

Ayşe Güneş

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1440636

Abstract

Çevrimiçi veya dijital toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet ve kadına yönelik siber şiddet terimleri, kadınlara ve kız çocuklarına karşı toplumsal cinsiyetleri nedeniyle işlenen çevrimiçi/teknoloji destekli istismar eylemlerini ele almak için genellikle eşanlamlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kadına yönelik şiddetin çevrimiçi veya dijital boyutunun, Kadınlara Karşı Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi Sözleşmesi (CEDAW) ve İstanbul Sözleşmesi gibi uluslararası ve bölgesel yasal çerçevelerde açıkça belirtilmemiş olmasına rağmen; CEDAW'ın 1. ve 3. maddelerinin kapsamına uygun olarak kadınlara karşı bir ayrımcılık biçimi olarak yorumlanmakta ve İstanbul Sözleşmesi'nin 33. maddesi (psikolojik şiddet), 34. maddesi (ısrarlı takip) ve 40. maddesi (cinsel taciz) gibi çeşitli maddeleri kapsamında dijital/çevrimiçi toplumsal cinsiyet temelli şiddet analiz edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, konuyu CEDAW ve İstanbul Sözleşmesi ve kadına yönelik şiddetin dijital boyutunu ele alan tavsiye kararları üzerinden metodolojik olarak analiz eden bir masa başı çalışmasıdır.

Keywords

toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet dijital şiddet çevrimiçi şiddet CEDAW İstanbul Sözleşmesi

References

  • Arimatsu, L. (2019). Silencing women in the digital age. Cambridge International Law Journal 8(2), 187-217.
  • Association for Progressive Communications, (APC). (2015). From impunity to justice: Domestic legal remedies for cases of technology-related violence against women. https://www.apc.org/en/pubs/impunity-justice-domestic-legal-remedies-cases-tec-0 (Accessed Date: 24 November 2023).
  • Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online violence against women: Addressing the responsibility gap?. LSE Women, Peace and Security. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2019/08/23/online-violence-against-women-addressing-the-responsibility-gap/ (Accessed Date: 26 November 2023).
  • Boethius, S., Akerstrom, M., & Hyden, M. (2023). The double-edged sword – abused women’s experiences of digital technology. European Journal of Social Work, 26(3), 506-518.
  • Boukemidja, N. B. (2018). Cyber crimes against women: Qualification and means. European Journal of Social Sciences, 1(3), 34-44.
  • CEDAW Committee. (2017). General recommendation no. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation no.19. CEDAW/C/GC/35.
  • Council of Europe. (2001). Council of Europe convention on cybercrime, (Budapest Convention). https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2010). Convention on protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Lanzorete Convention, 2010). https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=201 (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2011a). Council of Europe convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention). https://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/text-of-the-convention (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2011b). Explanatory report to the council of Europe convention on preventing and com- bating violence against women and domestic violence. Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 210. https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. Cybercrime convention committee, working group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children (CBG). https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-mapping-study-on-cyber%20violence%20-final/1680a1307c (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Council of Europe. (2019). Recommendation CM/Rec (2019)1 of the committee of ministers to member states on preventing and combating sexism. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168093b26a (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Dorokhova, E., vale, h., Laci, V., & Mahmutovic, A. (2021). Cyber violence against women and girls in the Western Balkans: Selected case studies and a cybersecurity governance approach. DCAF. https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/CyberVAWG_in_WB.pdf (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).
  • Duggan, M. (2017). Online harassment. PEW research centre. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/ (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • European Institute for Gender Equality, (EIGE). (2020). Cyber violence against women and girls. https://eige.europa.eu/thesaurus/terms/1484 (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2021). Combating gender-based violence: Cyber violence. European added value assessment. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/662621/EPRS_STU(2021)662621_EN.pdf (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023)
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, (FRA). (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Main results. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-results-report (Accessed Date: 23 November 2023).
  • Ging D., & Siapera E. (2018). Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 515-524.
  • Glitch UK and End Violence Against Women Coalition. (2020). The ripple effect: COVID-19 and the epidemic of online abuse. https://glitchcharity.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Glitch-The-Ripple-Effect-Report-COVID-19-online-abuse.pdf (Accessed Date: 22 November 2023).
  • Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, (GREVIO). (2021). General Recommendations No.1 on the Digital Dimension of Violence against Women. https://rm.coe.int/grevio-rec-no-on-digital-violence-against-women/1680a49147 (Accessed Date: 15 November 2023).
  • Hall, M., & Hearn, J. (2017). Revenge pornography and manhood acts: A discourse analysis of perpetrators. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(2), 158-170.
  • Harris B. (2020). Technology, domestic and family violence: Perpetration, experiences and responses. QUT centre for justice. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199781/1/V1_Briefing_Paper_template.pdf (Accessed Date: 18 November 2023).
  • Kelly, L. (1988). Surviving sexual violence. Polity Press.
  • Şener, G., & Abınık, N. (2021). Türkiye’de dijital şiddet araştırması. KONDA Research and Consultancy. https://turkiye.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/digital_violence_report.pdf (Accessed Date: 5 December 2023).
  • United Nations Human Rights Council. (2018). Report of the special rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences on online violence against women and girls from a human rights perspective. A/HRC/38/47.
  • Wilk, A. (2018). Cyber violence and hate speech online against women. European Parliament. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/738618 (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).
  • Wilk, A. (2021). Protecting women and girls from violence in the digital age: The relevance of the Istanbul convention and the Budapest convention on cybercrime in addressing online and technology-facilitated violence against women. https://rm.coe.int/the-relevance-of-the-ic-and-the-budapest-convention-on-cybercrime-in-a/1680a5eba3 (Accessed Date: 13 November 2023).
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Conceptual Articles
Authors

Ayşe Güneş 0000-0001-7429-1531

Publication Date March 27, 2024
Submission Date February 21, 2024
Acceptance Date March 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güneş, A. (2024). As a Continuity of the Different Forms of Violence: Gender-Based Digital Violence Against Women. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 5(1), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1440636
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