Araştırma Makalesi
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Kamu Spotlarının Kan Bağışı Niyetlerine Etkisinin Covid-19 Moderatörleri Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 79 - 102, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.962176

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kamu spotu reklamlarının kan bağışı niyetleri üzerindeki rolünü ve bağış tutumlarının oluşumunda mesaj etkinliğini belirlediği düşünülen COVİD-19 kaynaklı faktörleri incelemektir. Kan bağışı, duygusal tepkiler ve özgecil davranışlar tarafından güçlü bir şekilde motive edilen bir davranış biçimi olarak gösterilse de pandemi döneminde potansiyel bağışçıların deneyimlediği engeller konusunda belirsizlikler bulunmaktadır. Genç bir katılımcı kitleden oluşan örneklem grubu (N = 189), kan bağışı davranışıyla ilgili kamu spotu reklam uyaranına maruz kaldıktan sonra bağış motivasyonlarını temsil eden ifadeleri içeren bir anket formunu derecelendirmiştir. Anket formu, kamu spotu reklam karakterlerine yönelik özdeşleşme, empati, kan bağışı davranışına yönelik özgecil duygular, bağış niyetleri ve ayrıca salgın ile ilgili belirleyicileri ölçmeye dayalı ifadeleri içermektedir. Hipotezleri test etmek için regresyon temelli analizler kullanılmış ve Covid-19 kaynaklı faktörlerin mesaj etkinliği sürecinde kan bağışı niyetlerine ilişkin etkileri moderatör analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, reklam karakterlerine yönelik empati ve özdeşleşme düzeylerinin, bağışçı ya da hasta tipinin sunumuna göre farklılaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, pandemi yorgunluğunun empati tepkileri ile özgecil duygular arasındaki ilişkileri önemli ölçüde ılımlaştırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, enfeksiyon kapma riski ile özgecil duygular etkileşiminin kan bağışı niyetleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Bagozzi, R., & Moore, D., (1994). “Public Service Advertisements: Emotions and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behavior”, Journal of Marketing, 1(58), p. 56–70.
  • Bandura, Albert, (1977). “Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory Of Behavioral Change”, Psychological Review, 2(84), p. 191–215.
  • Bandura, Albert, (2010). “Self-Efficacy”, The Corsini Encyclopedia Of Psychology, p. 1-3.
  • Barnes, C., & Dyne, L., (2009). “‘I’m Tired’: Differential Effects Of Physical And Emotional Fatigue On Workload Management Strategies”, Human Relations, 1(62), p. 59–92.
  • Barreto, Ana Margarida, (2019). “Personal Traits Behind The Intention To Donate Blood”, Media & Jornalismo, 34(19), p. 193–206.
  • Batson, C., Turk, C., & Shaw, L., (1995). “Information Function Of Empathic Emotion: Learning That We Value The Other’s Welfare”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(68), p. 300–313.
  • Beerli-Palacio, A., & Martín-Santana, J., (2015). “How To Increase Blood Donation By Social Marketing”, International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 3(12), p. 253–266.
  • Biddle, N., Edwards, B., Gray, M., & Sollis, K. (2020). Tracking Outcomes During The Covid-19 Pandemic – Divergence Within Australia, Retrieved from https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020/9/Tracking_wellbeing_outcomes_during_the_COVID-19, Date of Access: 19 December 2020
  • Clowes, R., & Masser, B. M., (2012). “Right Here, Right Now: The Impact Of The Blood Donation Context On Anxiety, Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Self‐Efficacy, And Intention To Donate Blood”, Transfusion, 7(52), p. 1560–1565.
  • Cohen, Jonathan, (2001). “Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look At The Identification Of Audiences With Media Characters”, Mass Communication & Society, (4), p. 245–264.
  • Crocker, J., Canevello, A., & Brown, A. A., (2017). “Social Motivation: Costs And Benefits Of Selfishness And Otherishness”, Annual Review of PsychoAnnual Review of Psychology, (68), p. 299–325.
  • Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S., (2003). “The Relationship Of Emotional Exhaustion To Work Attitudes, Job Performance, And Organizational Citizenship Behaviors”, Journal of Applied Psychology, (88), p. 160–169.
  • Dovidio, J., & Penner, L., (2003). “Helping and Altruism”, J. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (eds.), Interpersonal Processes, New York: Interpersonal Processes, p. 162–196.
  • Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H., (2009). “Perceived Vulnerability To Disease: Development And Validation Of A 15-Item Self-Report Instrument”, Personality and Individual Differences, 6(47), p. 541–546.
  • Einolf, Christopher, (2008). “Empathic Concern And Prosocial Behaviors: A Test Of Experimental Results Using Survey Data”, Social Science Research, 4(37), p. 1267–1279.
  • Elia, F., & Vallelonga, F., (2020). “Pandemic Fatigue Or Something Worse?”, Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 12(111), p. 788–789.
  • Epel, E., & Fromer, E., (2020). “Emotional Well-Being and Coping During COVID-19”, Retrieved from UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences: https://psychiatry.ucsf.edu/copingresources/covid19. Date of Access: 09.03.2021
  • Escalas, Jennifer Edson, (2004). “Imagine Yourself In The Product: Mental Simulation, Narrative Transportation, And Persuasion”, Journal of Advertising, 2(33), p. 37–48.
  • Evans, R., & Ferguson, E., (2014). “Defining And Measuring Blood Donor Altruism: A Theoretical Approach From Biology, Economics And Psychology”, Vox Sanguinis, 2(106), p. 118–126.
  • Feng, Y., Zong, M., Yang, Z., Gu, W., & Dong, D., (2020). “When Altruists Cannot Help: The Influence Of Altruism On The Mental Health Of University Students During The Covid-19 Pandemic”, Globalization and Health, 1(16), p. 1–8.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D., (1981). “Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables And Measurement Error: Algebra And Statistics”, Journal of Marketing Research, (19), p. 39–50.
  • Franzen, A., Mader, S., & Winter, F., (2018). “Contagious Yawning, Empathy, And Their Relation To Prosocial Behavior”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(147), p. 2-10.
  • Giles, M., McClenahan, C., Cairnt, E., & Malle, J., (2004). “An Application Of The Theory Of Planned Behaviour To Blood Donation: The Importance Of Self-Efficacy”, Health Education Research, 4(19), p. 380–391.
  • Gill, T., & Boylan, S., (2012). “Public Health Messages: Why Are They Ineffective And What Can Be Done?”, Current Obesity Reports, 1(1), p. 50–58.
  • Gonzales-Olmo, M., Ortega-Martinez, A., Delgado-Ramos, B., Romero, B., & Carillo-Diaz, M., (2020). “Perceived Vulnerability To Coronavirus Infection : Impact On Dental Practice”, Community Dental Health, (34), p. 1–9.
  • Green, M., Brock, T., & Kaufman, G., (2004). “Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role Of Transportation Into Narrative Worlds”, Communication Theory (14), p. 311–327.
  • Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W., (1999). Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings, London: Macmillian.
  • Harrington, M., Sweeney, M., Bailie, K., Morris, K., Kennedy, A., Boilson, A., et al., (2007). “What Would Encourage Blood Donation In Ireland?”, Vox Sanguinis, 4(92), p. 361–367.
  • Hayes, Andrew, (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, New York: Gıilford Press.
  • Hayes, A., Montoya, A., & Rockwood, N., (2017). “The Analysis Of Mechanisms And Their Contingencies: Process Versus Structural Equation Modeling”, Australasian Marketing Journal, 1(25), p. 76–81.
  • Healy, Kieran, (2000). “Embedded Altruism: Blood Collection Regimes And The European Union’s Donor Population”, American Journal of Sociology, 6(105), p. 1633–1657.
  • Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P., (2007). “Identification With The Player Character As Determinant Of Video Game Enjoyment”, International Conference on Entertainment Computing, Shanghai: Springer, p. 39-48.
  • Hoeken, H., & Sinkeldam, J., (2014). “The Role Of Identification And Perception Of Just Outcome In Evoking Emotions In Narrative Persuasion”, Journal of Communication, (64), p. 935–955.
  • Igartua , J., & Marcos-Ramos, M., (2015). “Influence Of Character Type And Narrative Setting On Character Desing For Fictional Television Series”, Communication & Society, 1(2), p. 63–78.
  • Igartua, Juan-José, (2010). “Identification With Characters And Narrative Persuasion Through Fictional Feature Films”, Communications, (35), p. 347–373.
  • Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D., (2006). “Development And Validation Of The Basic Empathy Scale”, Journal of Adolescence, (29), p. 589–611.
  • Karacan, E., Cengiz, G., Aktan, Z., Ayli, M., & Palabıyıkoğlu, R., (2013). “Blood Donors And Factors Impacting The Blood Donation Decision: Motives For Donating Blood In Turkish Sample”, Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 3(49), p. 468–473.
  • Kim, H., Bigman, C., Leader, A., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J., (2012). “Narrative Health Communication And Behavior Change: The Influence Of Exemplars In The News On Intention To Quit Smoking”, Journal of Communication, 3(62), p. 473–492.
  • Kinnick, K., Krugman, D., & Cameron, G., (1996). “Compassion Fatigue: Communication And Burnout Toward Social Problems”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly, 3(73), p. 687–707.
  • Kızılay (2020), Türk Kızılay’dan Acil Kan İhtiyacı Çağrısı. Retrieved from Kızılay Kurumsal Haberler: https://www.kizilay.org.tr/Haber/KurumsalHaberDetay/5116, Date of Access: 13.04.2021
  • Lay, L., & Hoppmann, C. A., (2015). Altruism And Prosocial Behavior, Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, New York: Springer.
  • Lee, H., Fawcett, J., & DeMarco, R., (2016). “Storytelling/Narrative Theory To Address Health Communication With Minority Populations”, Applied Nursing Research, (30), p. 58–60.
  • Lee, R., & Ashforth, B., (1996). “A Meta-Analytic Examination Of The Correlates Of The Three Dimensions Of Job Burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology (83), p. 123–133.
  • Lemmens, K., Abraham, C., Ruiter, R., Veldhuizen, J., Dehing, C., Bos, E., et al., (2009). “Modelling Antecedents Of Blood Donation Motivation Among Non-Donors Of Varying Age And Education”, British Journal of Psychology, 1(100), p. 71-90.
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Investigating the Impact of Public Service Advertising on Blood Donation Intentions Under the Influence of Covid-19 Related Moderators

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 79 - 102, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.962176

Öz

The objective of this research was to explore the role of Public Service Ads (PSAs) on blood donation decisions and the COVID-19 related mechanisms influencing the path to donation behavior. Although blood donation is shown as a form of behavior that is strongly motivated by emotional responses and altruistic behaviors, there are uncertainties in terms of difficulties that the donors experience during the pandemic period. A sample group consisting mostly of young people (N=189), received a self-administered questionnaire containing questions intended to clarify blood donation drives following exposure to a PSA stimulus. These factors comprised of the components for identification towards PSA characters, empathy, altruistic feelings towards blood donation behavior and donation intentions, and also pandemic related determinants. Regression-based analyzes were used to test the hypotheses, and the effects of COVID-19-derived factors on the blood donation process were investigated through moderator analysis. The results revealed that the empathy and identification levels towards PSA characters vary due to presenting whether the donor-type or the patient-type. No statistically significant results were found between the interactions of the risk of getting infected and altruistic feelings on blood donation intentions. However, it is concluded that pandemic fatigue significantly predicted the relationships between empathetic responses and altruistic feelings.

Kaynakça

  • Bagozzi, R., & Moore, D., (1994). “Public Service Advertisements: Emotions and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behavior”, Journal of Marketing, 1(58), p. 56–70.
  • Bandura, Albert, (1977). “Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory Of Behavioral Change”, Psychological Review, 2(84), p. 191–215.
  • Bandura, Albert, (2010). “Self-Efficacy”, The Corsini Encyclopedia Of Psychology, p. 1-3.
  • Barnes, C., & Dyne, L., (2009). “‘I’m Tired’: Differential Effects Of Physical And Emotional Fatigue On Workload Management Strategies”, Human Relations, 1(62), p. 59–92.
  • Barreto, Ana Margarida, (2019). “Personal Traits Behind The Intention To Donate Blood”, Media & Jornalismo, 34(19), p. 193–206.
  • Batson, C., Turk, C., & Shaw, L., (1995). “Information Function Of Empathic Emotion: Learning That We Value The Other’s Welfare”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(68), p. 300–313.
  • Beerli-Palacio, A., & Martín-Santana, J., (2015). “How To Increase Blood Donation By Social Marketing”, International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 3(12), p. 253–266.
  • Biddle, N., Edwards, B., Gray, M., & Sollis, K. (2020). Tracking Outcomes During The Covid-19 Pandemic – Divergence Within Australia, Retrieved from https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020/9/Tracking_wellbeing_outcomes_during_the_COVID-19, Date of Access: 19 December 2020
  • Clowes, R., & Masser, B. M., (2012). “Right Here, Right Now: The Impact Of The Blood Donation Context On Anxiety, Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Self‐Efficacy, And Intention To Donate Blood”, Transfusion, 7(52), p. 1560–1565.
  • Cohen, Jonathan, (2001). “Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look At The Identification Of Audiences With Media Characters”, Mass Communication & Society, (4), p. 245–264.
  • Crocker, J., Canevello, A., & Brown, A. A., (2017). “Social Motivation: Costs And Benefits Of Selfishness And Otherishness”, Annual Review of PsychoAnnual Review of Psychology, (68), p. 299–325.
  • Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S., (2003). “The Relationship Of Emotional Exhaustion To Work Attitudes, Job Performance, And Organizational Citizenship Behaviors”, Journal of Applied Psychology, (88), p. 160–169.
  • Dovidio, J., & Penner, L., (2003). “Helping and Altruism”, J. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (eds.), Interpersonal Processes, New York: Interpersonal Processes, p. 162–196.
  • Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H., (2009). “Perceived Vulnerability To Disease: Development And Validation Of A 15-Item Self-Report Instrument”, Personality and Individual Differences, 6(47), p. 541–546.
  • Einolf, Christopher, (2008). “Empathic Concern And Prosocial Behaviors: A Test Of Experimental Results Using Survey Data”, Social Science Research, 4(37), p. 1267–1279.
  • Elia, F., & Vallelonga, F., (2020). “Pandemic Fatigue Or Something Worse?”, Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 12(111), p. 788–789.
  • Epel, E., & Fromer, E., (2020). “Emotional Well-Being and Coping During COVID-19”, Retrieved from UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences: https://psychiatry.ucsf.edu/copingresources/covid19. Date of Access: 09.03.2021
  • Escalas, Jennifer Edson, (2004). “Imagine Yourself In The Product: Mental Simulation, Narrative Transportation, And Persuasion”, Journal of Advertising, 2(33), p. 37–48.
  • Evans, R., & Ferguson, E., (2014). “Defining And Measuring Blood Donor Altruism: A Theoretical Approach From Biology, Economics And Psychology”, Vox Sanguinis, 2(106), p. 118–126.
  • Feng, Y., Zong, M., Yang, Z., Gu, W., & Dong, D., (2020). “When Altruists Cannot Help: The Influence Of Altruism On The Mental Health Of University Students During The Covid-19 Pandemic”, Globalization and Health, 1(16), p. 1–8.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D., (1981). “Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables And Measurement Error: Algebra And Statistics”, Journal of Marketing Research, (19), p. 39–50.
  • Franzen, A., Mader, S., & Winter, F., (2018). “Contagious Yawning, Empathy, And Their Relation To Prosocial Behavior”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(147), p. 2-10.
  • Giles, M., McClenahan, C., Cairnt, E., & Malle, J., (2004). “An Application Of The Theory Of Planned Behaviour To Blood Donation: The Importance Of Self-Efficacy”, Health Education Research, 4(19), p. 380–391.
  • Gill, T., & Boylan, S., (2012). “Public Health Messages: Why Are They Ineffective And What Can Be Done?”, Current Obesity Reports, 1(1), p. 50–58.
  • Gonzales-Olmo, M., Ortega-Martinez, A., Delgado-Ramos, B., Romero, B., & Carillo-Diaz, M., (2020). “Perceived Vulnerability To Coronavirus Infection : Impact On Dental Practice”, Community Dental Health, (34), p. 1–9.
  • Green, M., Brock, T., & Kaufman, G., (2004). “Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role Of Transportation Into Narrative Worlds”, Communication Theory (14), p. 311–327.
  • Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W., (1999). Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings, London: Macmillian.
  • Harrington, M., Sweeney, M., Bailie, K., Morris, K., Kennedy, A., Boilson, A., et al., (2007). “What Would Encourage Blood Donation In Ireland?”, Vox Sanguinis, 4(92), p. 361–367.
  • Hayes, Andrew, (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, New York: Gıilford Press.
  • Hayes, A., Montoya, A., & Rockwood, N., (2017). “The Analysis Of Mechanisms And Their Contingencies: Process Versus Structural Equation Modeling”, Australasian Marketing Journal, 1(25), p. 76–81.
  • Healy, Kieran, (2000). “Embedded Altruism: Blood Collection Regimes And The European Union’s Donor Population”, American Journal of Sociology, 6(105), p. 1633–1657.
  • Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P., (2007). “Identification With The Player Character As Determinant Of Video Game Enjoyment”, International Conference on Entertainment Computing, Shanghai: Springer, p. 39-48.
  • Hoeken, H., & Sinkeldam, J., (2014). “The Role Of Identification And Perception Of Just Outcome In Evoking Emotions In Narrative Persuasion”, Journal of Communication, (64), p. 935–955.
  • Igartua , J., & Marcos-Ramos, M., (2015). “Influence Of Character Type And Narrative Setting On Character Desing For Fictional Television Series”, Communication & Society, 1(2), p. 63–78.
  • Igartua, Juan-José, (2010). “Identification With Characters And Narrative Persuasion Through Fictional Feature Films”, Communications, (35), p. 347–373.
  • Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D., (2006). “Development And Validation Of The Basic Empathy Scale”, Journal of Adolescence, (29), p. 589–611.
  • Karacan, E., Cengiz, G., Aktan, Z., Ayli, M., & Palabıyıkoğlu, R., (2013). “Blood Donors And Factors Impacting The Blood Donation Decision: Motives For Donating Blood In Turkish Sample”, Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 3(49), p. 468–473.
  • Kim, H., Bigman, C., Leader, A., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J., (2012). “Narrative Health Communication And Behavior Change: The Influence Of Exemplars In The News On Intention To Quit Smoking”, Journal of Communication, 3(62), p. 473–492.
  • Kinnick, K., Krugman, D., & Cameron, G., (1996). “Compassion Fatigue: Communication And Burnout Toward Social Problems”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly, 3(73), p. 687–707.
  • Kızılay (2020), Türk Kızılay’dan Acil Kan İhtiyacı Çağrısı. Retrieved from Kızılay Kurumsal Haberler: https://www.kizilay.org.tr/Haber/KurumsalHaberDetay/5116, Date of Access: 13.04.2021
  • Lay, L., & Hoppmann, C. A., (2015). Altruism And Prosocial Behavior, Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, New York: Springer.
  • Lee, H., Fawcett, J., & DeMarco, R., (2016). “Storytelling/Narrative Theory To Address Health Communication With Minority Populations”, Applied Nursing Research, (30), p. 58–60.
  • Lee, R., & Ashforth, B., (1996). “A Meta-Analytic Examination Of The Correlates Of The Three Dimensions Of Job Burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology (83), p. 123–133.
  • Lemmens, K., Abraham, C., Ruiter, R., Veldhuizen, J., Dehing, C., Bos, E., et al., (2009). “Modelling Antecedents Of Blood Donation Motivation Among Non-Donors Of Varying Age And Education”, British Journal of Psychology, 1(100), p. 71-90.
  • Leung, J., & Lee, C., (2020). “Impact Of The Covid‐19–A Regional Blood Centre’s Perspective”, ISBT Science Series, 4(15), p. 362–364.
  • Lilleholt, L., Zettler, I., Betsch, C., & Böhm, R., (2020). “Correlates And Outcomes Of Pandemic Fatigue”, PsyArXiv Preprints, p. 1–36.
  • Lundgren, R., & McMakin, A., (2013), Risk Communication. A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks, London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Maddux, J., & Gosselin, J., (2012), Self-Efficacy, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Martín-Santana, J., Reinares-Lara, E., & Reinaras-Lara, P., (2018), “Using Radio Advertising To Promote Blood Donation”, Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing, 1(30), p. 52–73.
  • Maslach, C., (1982), Burnout: The Cost Of Caring. London: Prentice-Hall.
  • Masser, B. M., Hyde, M. K., & Ferguson, E., (2020). “Exploring Predictors Of Australian Community Members’ Blood Donation Intentions And Blood Donation–Related Behavior During The Covid-19 Pandemic”, Transfusion, (8), p. 2907–2917.
  • Miah, Muhammed, (2020). “Study Of Blood Donation Campaign Communication Methods And Attributes Of Donors: A Data Analytics Approach”, International Journal of Healthcare Management, 1(1), p. 1–11.
  • Morgan, Christian, (2020). Feeling tired during the COVID-19 pandemic?, Retrieved from ABC News.: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-09/fatigue-during-covid-19-pandemic-how-to-lift-energy-motivation/12640002, Date of Access: 21.02.2021
  • Morgul, E., Bener, A., Atak, M., Akyel, S., Aktaş, S., Bhugra, D., et al., (2020). “Covid-19 Pandemic And Psychological Fatigue In Turkey”, The International Journal of Social Psychiatry (7), p. 1-8.
  • Moyer-Gusé, Emily, (2008). “Toward A Theory Of Entertainment Persuasion: Explaining The Persuasive Effects Of Entertainment-Education Messages”, Communication Theory, 3(18), p. 407–425.
  • Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Chatterjee, J. S., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L., (2013). “Narrative Versus Nonnarrative: The Role Of Identification, Transportation, And Emotion In Reducing Health Disparities”, Journal of Communication, 1(63), p. 116–137.
  • Murphy, W., & Mcsweeney, E., (2009). “The Role Of Altruistic Behavior, Empathetic Concern, And Social Responsibility Motivation In Blood Donation Behavior”, Practical Transfusion Medicine, 2(48), p. 190–199.
  • Neil, J. M., Gough, A., Kee, F., George, T., Pufahl, J., & Krieger, J. L., (2019). “The Influence Of Patient Identification And Narrative Tansportation On Intentions To Participate In Cancer Research”, Journal of Cancer Education, 4(34), p. 725–734.
  • Özgüven, İsmihan, (2020). Ease Of Transportation By Private Vehicle For Blood Donors, Retrieved from Anadolu Ajansı: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/kan-bagiscilarina-ozel-aracla-ulasim-kolayligi/1866170#, Date of Access: 10.01.2021
  • Raghuwanshi, B., Pehlajani, N. K., & Sinha, M. K., (2016). “Voluntary blood donation among students - a cross-sectional study on knowledge and practice vs. Attitude”, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(10), p. 18–22.
  • Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C., (1981). “The Altruistic Personality And The Self-Report Altruism Scale”, Personality and Individual Differences, 4(2), p. 293–302.
  • Santos, Reynaldo, (1999). “Cronbach’s Alpha: A Tool For Assessing The Reliability Of Scales”, Journal of Extension, 2(37), p. 1–5.
  • Sojka, B. N. & Sojka, P., (2008). “The Blood Donation Experience: Self-Reported Motives And Obstacles For Donating Blood”, Vox Sanguinis, 1(94), p. 56–63.
  • Steele, W. R., Schreiber, G. B., Guiltinan, A., Nass, C., Glynn, S. A., Wright, D. J., et al., (2008). “The Role Of Altruistic Behavior, Empathetic Concern, And Social Responsibility Motivation In Blood Donation Behavior”, Transfusion, 1(48), p. 43-54.
  • Taylor, S. E., & Schneider, S. K., (1989). “Coping And The Simulation Of Events”, Social Cognition, 2(7), p. 174–194.
  • Van Der Pligt, J., (1998). “Perceived Risk And Vulnerability As Predictors Of Precautionary Behaviour”, British Journal of Health Psychology, 1(3), p. 1-14.
  • WHO, (2020). Guidance On Maintaining A Safe And Adequate Blood Supply During The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic And On The Collection Of Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333182. Date of Access: 02.02.2021.
  • WHO, (2020). Pandemic Fatigue – Reinvigorating The Public To Prevent Covid-19. Policy Framework For Supporting Pandemic Prevention And Management, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337574. Date of Access: 02.02.2021
  • Wildman, J., & Hollingsworth, B., (2009). “Blood Donation And The Nature Of Altruism”, Journal of Health Economics, 3(28), p. 492–503.
  • Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R., (1998). “Emotional Exhaustion As A Predictor Of Job Performance And Voluntary”, Journal of Applied Psychology, (83), p. 486–493.
  • Yamada, Y., Xu, H., & Sasaki, K., (2020). “A Dataset For The Perceived Vulnerability To Disease Scale In Japan Before The Spread Of Covid-19”, Research, (9), p. 1–10.
  • Zillmann, Dolf, (1991). “Empathy: Affect From Bearing Witness To The Emotions Of Others”, J. B. Zillmann (ed.), Responding To The Screen: Reception And Reaction Processes, New York: Routledge, p. 135–168.
  • Zillmann, Dolf, (1999). “Exemplification Theory: Judging The Whole By Some Of Its Parts”, Media Psychology, 1(1), p. 69–94.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Safa Çam 0000-0001-6046-4585

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Çam, M. S. (2021). Investigating the Impact of Public Service Advertising on Blood Donation Intentions Under the Influence of Covid-19 Related Moderators. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2021(56), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.962176