Review
Responsible Reporting in Infodemia: A Review on Principles and Guidelines about How the Covid-19 Outbreak is Reported
Abstract
Periods of crisis and uncertainty are the times that "information disorder" such as misinformation, disinformation is intensely put into circulation. Information disorders spread rapidly in the information ecosystem, especially on social networking platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and cause infodemia. Also during the pandemic Covid-19, circulation of relevant contents in the information ecosystem; cause the behavior to increase and threaten the health of individuals and communities, disrupt the work of health professionals, and can cause individuals, communities, or countries to be stigmatized and exposed to hate speech. At this point, the news media play a key role according to its function of the individual and the public good. News media can realize this function through principles and ethical criteria in the axis of 'responsible reporting' that prioritizes social benefit. In this study; ethical principles and guidelines published by international organizations such as Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), First Draft, International Network of Journalists, and some media professionals for journalists and news organizations to combat infodemia in the process of Covid-19 outbreak are analyzed and from this point forth, it is taken stock of how the Covid-19 epidemic can be reporting with responsibly.
References
- Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211-236.
- Akyüz, S. S. (2020). Yanlış bilgi salgını: COVID-19 salgını döneminde Türkiye’de dolaşıma giren sahte haberler. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 422-444. DOI: 10.31123/akil.779920.
- Baines, D. & Elliott, R. J. R. (2020). Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic, Discussion Papers 20-06, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham. Erişim adresi: http://www.repec.bham.ac.uk/pdf/20-06.pdf
- Berger, G. (2018). Foreword. (Eds.) Ireton, Cherilyn; Posetti, Julie. In Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation. Paris: Unesco, 7-13. Erişim adresi: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021
- Çağlar, Ş. (t.y). Televizyon Haberciliği Ders Notu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. Erişim adresi: http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/kok/televizyon_gazateciligi_u136.pdf adresinden erişildi. Erişim Tarihi: 03 Mart 2021
- Çınarlı, İ. (2008). Sağlık İletişimi ve Medya. Ankara: Nobel.
- Demir, D. H. & Balcı, E . (2019). Kriz haberciliği ve etik sorunsalı. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi, (11), 48-56. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/euifydhed/issue/46530/569132
- Dotto, C. & Berkefeld, J. (2020, 27 February). From coronavirus to bushfires, misleading maps are distorting reality. First Draft. Erişim Adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/from-coronavirus-to-bushfires-misleading-maps-are-distorting-reality/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Ertem, M . (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi ve sosyal damgalama . İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2), 135-138. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/55773/740099
- Eysenbach, G. (2002). Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis) information. The American Journal of Medicine, 113(9), 763-765.
- Eysenbach, G. (2020). How to fight an infodemic: the four pillars of infodemic management. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e21820.
- Fetzer, J.H. (2004). Information: Does it have to be true?. Minds and Machines, 14, 223–229.
- Field, K. (2020, 25 February). Mapping coronavirus responsibly. Esri. Erişim Adresi: https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/mapping-coronavirus-responsibly/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Simon, F. M., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Information inequality in the UK coronavirus communications crisis. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-07/Fletcher_et_al_Information_Inequality_FINAL.pdf
- Helmuth, L. (2020). Tipsheet: Covering the coronavirus epidemic effectively without spreading misinformation. The Open Notebook. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theopennotebook.com/2020/03/02/tipsheet-covering-the-coronavirus-epidemic-effectively-without-spreading-misinformation/
- İnceoğlu, Y. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi ve medya. TTB Covid-19 Pandemisi 6. Ay Değerlendirme Raporu. 632-643.
- Islam, M. S., Sarkar, T., Khan, S. H., Kamal, A. H. M., Hasan, S. M., Kabir, A., Yeasmin, D., Islam, M. A.,Chowdhury, K. I. A., Anwar, K. S., Chughtai A. A. & Seale, H. (2020). COVID-19–related infodemic and its impact on public health: A global social media analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(4), 1621-1629.
- Karlova, N.A. & Fisher, K.E. (2012). “Plz RT”: A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human ınformation behaviour. Proceedings of the ISIC2012 (Tokyo), 1-17. Erişim adresi: https://www.hastac.org/sites/default/files/documents/karlova_12_isic_misdismodel.pdf
- Kojah, S. (2020). Etichal considerations for reporting on COVID-19. International Journalism Network. Erişim adresi: https://ijnet.org/en/story/ethical-considerations-reporting-covid-19
- Klein, D., & Wueller, J. R. (2017). Fake news: A legal perspective. Journal of Internet Law, 20(10), 6–13.
- Kwan, V. (2019). First Draft’s essential guide to responsible reporting in an age of information disorder. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Responsible_Reporting_Digital_AW-1.pdf?x82677
- Kwan, V., Wardle, C. & Webb, M. (2020). Tips for reporting on Covid-19 and slowing the spread of misinformation. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/tips-for-reporting-on-covid-19-coronavirus-and-slowing-the-spread-of-misinformation/
- Lazer, D., Baum, M., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A., Greenhill, K., Menczer, F., ... Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096 March 9.
- Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen J.S. & Howard, P. N. (2020a). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: How people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
- Nielsen, R. K., Kalogeropoulos, A. & Fletcher, R. (2020b). Social media very widely used but use for news and information about COVID-19 is declining. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/UK%20COVID-19%20News%20and%20Information%20Factsheet%206%20FINAL.pdf
- PAHO (2020a). COVID-19 an ınformative guide: Advise for journalists. Pan American Helath Organization. Erişim adresi: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52392/PAHOCMUPACOVID-1920003_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- PAHO (2020b). Understanding the infodemic and misinformastion in the fight againist Covid-19. Pan American Helath Organization. Factsheet N.5. Erişim adresi: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52052/Factsheet-infodemic_eng.pdf?sequence=14
- Santos-D’amorim, K. & de Oliveira MIRANDA, M. K. F. (2021). Misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: clarifying the definitions and examples in disinfodemic times. Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, 26, 01-23.
- Silsüpür, S. (2018, Aralık 14). Bilgi bozukluğunu anlamak için kavramlar. Teyit.org. Erişim adresi: https://teyit.org/bilgi-bozuklugunu-anlamak-icin-kavramlar/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021
- Straus, S. E., Tetroe, J., & Graham, I. (2009). Defining knowledge translation. CMAJ, 181(3-4), 165-168.
- Sudsawad, P. (2007). Knowledge translation: introduction to models, strategies and measures. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research.
- Tangcharoensathien, V., Calleja, N., Nguyen, T., Purnat, T., D’Agostino, M., Garcia-Saiso, S., Landry, M., Rashidian, A., Hamilton, C., AbdAllah, A., Ghia, I., Hill, A., Hougendobler, D., van Andel, J., Nunn, M., Brooks, I., Sacco, P. L., Demenico, M., Mai, P., Gruzd, A., Alaphilippe, A., Briand, S. (2020). Framework for managing the COVID-19 infodemic: methods and results of an online, crowdsourced WHO technical consultation. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e19659.
- Taylan, A., & Ünal, R. (2017). Ana akım medyada sansasyonel habercilik: Sağlık iletişimi örneği. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, (14), 27-44.
- Ulmer, R. L., Sellnow, T. L. & Seeger, M. W. (2009). Post-crisis communications and renewal: Understanding the potential for positive outcomes in crisis communication (p. 302-322). In Heath, R. L., & O'Hair, H. D. (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication. Routledge.
- Uzun, R. (2020). Sahte haber oksimoronu ışığında değişen haber ortamını yeniden düşünmek. Özlem Erkmen, Bora Ataman, Barış Çoban (Der.), Yeni Gazetecilik: Mecralar, deneyimler olanaklar içinde, 53-81. İstanbul: Kafka.
- Uzunoğlu, S. & Uyar, V. (2021). Türkiye’de doğru bilgiyi aramak: Çöldeki vahanın peşinde. Newslab Turkey. Erişim Adresi: https://www.newslabturkey.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/rh-2.pdf
- Wardle, C. (2019a). First Draft’s essential guide to understanding information disorder. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf?x41166
- Wardle, C. (2019b). Information disorder: ‘The techniques we saw in 2016 have evolved’. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/information-disorder-the-techniques-we-saw-in-2016-have-evolved/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021
- Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In (Eds.) Ireton, Cherilyn; Posetti, Julie. Journalism,‘fake news’ & disinformation. Paris: Unesco, 43-54. Erişim adresi: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020a, September 23). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020b, February 15). Munih Securiyt Conference. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020c, October 21). Let’s flatten the infodemic curve. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/let-s-flatten-the-infodemic-curve
- Yılmaz İ. (2009). Uygun harita projeksiyonu seçiminde bazı temel esaslar. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 1(2) 31-42
İnfodemide Sorumlu Habercilik: Covid-19 Salgının Haberleştirilmesine Yönelik Yayımlanan İlke ve Rehberler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Abstract
Kriz ve belirsizlik dönemleri; mezenformasyon, dezenformasyon gibi “enformasyon bozukluğu” olarak değerlendirilen içeriklerin yoğun biçimde dolaşıma sokulduğu dönemlerdir. Bu içerikler Facebook, Twitter gibi sosyal paylaşım platformları başta olmak üzere enformasyon ekosisteminde hızlı bir biçimde yayılmakta ve infodemiye neden olmaktadır. Covid-19 salgını sürecinde de salgın ile ilgili içeriklerin enformasyon ekosisteminde dolaşımı; bireylerin ve toplumların sağlığını tehdit edecek davranışların artmasına, sağlık profesyonellerinin çalışmalarının aksamasına ve birey, topluluk veya ülkelerin damgalanmasına ve nefret söylemine maruz kalmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu noktada haber medyası, birey ve toplum yararı işlevi açısından kilit bir rol üstlenmektedir. Haber medyası, toplumsal yararı önceliği haline getiren ‘sorumlu habercilik’ eksenindeki ilkeler ve etik kriterler aracılığıyla bu işlevini gerçekleştirilebilir. Bu çalışmada; Covid-19 salgını sürecinde infodemi ile mücadele için gazeteciler ve haber kuruluşlarına yönelik olarak Pan Amerikan Sağlık Örgütü (PAHO), First Draft, Uluslararası Gazeteciler Ağı gibi uluslararası kuruluşlar ve bazı medya profesyonelleri tarafından yayınlanan çeşitli etik ilkeler ve rehberler incelemiş ve ilgili metinlerden hareketle Covid-19 salgının sorumlu habercilik çerçevesinde nasıl haberleştirileceğine yönelik bir tartışmaya yer vermek ve bir çerçeve çizmek amaçlanmıştır.
References
- Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211-236.
- Akyüz, S. S. (2020). Yanlış bilgi salgını: COVID-19 salgını döneminde Türkiye’de dolaşıma giren sahte haberler. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 422-444. DOI: 10.31123/akil.779920.
- Baines, D. & Elliott, R. J. R. (2020). Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic, Discussion Papers 20-06, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham. Erişim adresi: http://www.repec.bham.ac.uk/pdf/20-06.pdf
- Berger, G. (2018). Foreword. (Eds.) Ireton, Cherilyn; Posetti, Julie. In Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation. Paris: Unesco, 7-13. Erişim adresi: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021
- Çağlar, Ş. (t.y). Televizyon Haberciliği Ders Notu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. Erişim adresi: http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/kok/televizyon_gazateciligi_u136.pdf adresinden erişildi. Erişim Tarihi: 03 Mart 2021
- Çınarlı, İ. (2008). Sağlık İletişimi ve Medya. Ankara: Nobel.
- Demir, D. H. & Balcı, E . (2019). Kriz haberciliği ve etik sorunsalı. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi, (11), 48-56. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/euifydhed/issue/46530/569132
- Dotto, C. & Berkefeld, J. (2020, 27 February). From coronavirus to bushfires, misleading maps are distorting reality. First Draft. Erişim Adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/from-coronavirus-to-bushfires-misleading-maps-are-distorting-reality/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Ertem, M . (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi ve sosyal damgalama . İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2), 135-138. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/55773/740099
- Eysenbach, G. (2002). Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis) information. The American Journal of Medicine, 113(9), 763-765.
- Eysenbach, G. (2020). How to fight an infodemic: the four pillars of infodemic management. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e21820.
- Fetzer, J.H. (2004). Information: Does it have to be true?. Minds and Machines, 14, 223–229.
- Field, K. (2020, 25 February). Mapping coronavirus responsibly. Esri. Erişim Adresi: https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/mapping-coronavirus-responsibly/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Simon, F. M., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Information inequality in the UK coronavirus communications crisis. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-07/Fletcher_et_al_Information_Inequality_FINAL.pdf
- Helmuth, L. (2020). Tipsheet: Covering the coronavirus epidemic effectively without spreading misinformation. The Open Notebook. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theopennotebook.com/2020/03/02/tipsheet-covering-the-coronavirus-epidemic-effectively-without-spreading-misinformation/
- İnceoğlu, Y. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi ve medya. TTB Covid-19 Pandemisi 6. Ay Değerlendirme Raporu. 632-643.
- Islam, M. S., Sarkar, T., Khan, S. H., Kamal, A. H. M., Hasan, S. M., Kabir, A., Yeasmin, D., Islam, M. A.,Chowdhury, K. I. A., Anwar, K. S., Chughtai A. A. & Seale, H. (2020). COVID-19–related infodemic and its impact on public health: A global social media analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(4), 1621-1629.
- Karlova, N.A. & Fisher, K.E. (2012). “Plz RT”: A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human ınformation behaviour. Proceedings of the ISIC2012 (Tokyo), 1-17. Erişim adresi: https://www.hastac.org/sites/default/files/documents/karlova_12_isic_misdismodel.pdf
- Kojah, S. (2020). Etichal considerations for reporting on COVID-19. International Journalism Network. Erişim adresi: https://ijnet.org/en/story/ethical-considerations-reporting-covid-19
- Klein, D., & Wueller, J. R. (2017). Fake news: A legal perspective. Journal of Internet Law, 20(10), 6–13.
- Kwan, V. (2019). First Draft’s essential guide to responsible reporting in an age of information disorder. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Responsible_Reporting_Digital_AW-1.pdf?x82677
- Kwan, V., Wardle, C. & Webb, M. (2020). Tips for reporting on Covid-19 and slowing the spread of misinformation. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/tips-for-reporting-on-covid-19-coronavirus-and-slowing-the-spread-of-misinformation/
- Lazer, D., Baum, M., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A., Greenhill, K., Menczer, F., ... Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096 March 9.
- Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen J.S. & Howard, P. N. (2020a). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: How people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
- Nielsen, R. K., Kalogeropoulos, A. & Fletcher, R. (2020b). Social media very widely used but use for news and information about COVID-19 is declining. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Erişim adresi: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/UK%20COVID-19%20News%20and%20Information%20Factsheet%206%20FINAL.pdf
- PAHO (2020a). COVID-19 an ınformative guide: Advise for journalists. Pan American Helath Organization. Erişim adresi: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52392/PAHOCMUPACOVID-1920003_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- PAHO (2020b). Understanding the infodemic and misinformastion in the fight againist Covid-19. Pan American Helath Organization. Factsheet N.5. Erişim adresi: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52052/Factsheet-infodemic_eng.pdf?sequence=14
- Santos-D’amorim, K. & de Oliveira MIRANDA, M. K. F. (2021). Misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: clarifying the definitions and examples in disinfodemic times. Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, 26, 01-23.
- Silsüpür, S. (2018, Aralık 14). Bilgi bozukluğunu anlamak için kavramlar. Teyit.org. Erişim adresi: https://teyit.org/bilgi-bozuklugunu-anlamak-icin-kavramlar/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021
- Straus, S. E., Tetroe, J., & Graham, I. (2009). Defining knowledge translation. CMAJ, 181(3-4), 165-168.
- Sudsawad, P. (2007). Knowledge translation: introduction to models, strategies and measures. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research.
- Tangcharoensathien, V., Calleja, N., Nguyen, T., Purnat, T., D’Agostino, M., Garcia-Saiso, S., Landry, M., Rashidian, A., Hamilton, C., AbdAllah, A., Ghia, I., Hill, A., Hougendobler, D., van Andel, J., Nunn, M., Brooks, I., Sacco, P. L., Demenico, M., Mai, P., Gruzd, A., Alaphilippe, A., Briand, S. (2020). Framework for managing the COVID-19 infodemic: methods and results of an online, crowdsourced WHO technical consultation. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e19659.
- Taylan, A., & Ünal, R. (2017). Ana akım medyada sansasyonel habercilik: Sağlık iletişimi örneği. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, (14), 27-44.
- Ulmer, R. L., Sellnow, T. L. & Seeger, M. W. (2009). Post-crisis communications and renewal: Understanding the potential for positive outcomes in crisis communication (p. 302-322). In Heath, R. L., & O'Hair, H. D. (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication. Routledge.
- Uzun, R. (2020). Sahte haber oksimoronu ışığında değişen haber ortamını yeniden düşünmek. Özlem Erkmen, Bora Ataman, Barış Çoban (Der.), Yeni Gazetecilik: Mecralar, deneyimler olanaklar içinde, 53-81. İstanbul: Kafka.
- Uzunoğlu, S. & Uyar, V. (2021). Türkiye’de doğru bilgiyi aramak: Çöldeki vahanın peşinde. Newslab Turkey. Erişim Adresi: https://www.newslabturkey.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/rh-2.pdf
- Wardle, C. (2019a). First Draft’s essential guide to understanding information disorder. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf?x41166
- Wardle, C. (2019b). Information disorder: ‘The techniques we saw in 2016 have evolved’. First Draft. Erişim adresi: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/information-disorder-the-techniques-we-saw-in-2016-have-evolved/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021
- Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In (Eds.) Ireton, Cherilyn; Posetti, Julie. Journalism,‘fake news’ & disinformation. Paris: Unesco, 43-54. Erişim adresi: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020a, September 23). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020b, February 15). Munih Securiyt Conference. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2020c, October 21). Let’s flatten the infodemic curve. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/let-s-flatten-the-infodemic-curve
- Yılmaz İ. (2009). Uygun harita projeksiyonu seçiminde bazı temel esaslar. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 1(2) 31-42
There are 43 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Communication and Media Studies |
| Journal Section | Derleme Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 26, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021Volume: 3 Issue: 2 |
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Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1251643
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