Höristik Karar Alma Sürecinin Popülizm 2.0’daki Kullanımı: Donald Trump'ın Tweetleri Üzerine Bir Analiz
Öz
Höristik karar alma süreci, genellikle yaşamın her alanında kullanmaktadır. Birçok konu çerçevesinde tartışılan kavram, siyasal olarak daha çok seçmen davranışları üzerine yapılan betimsel çalışmalarda geçmektedir. Ancak siyasal aktörlerin hedef kitleleri üzerine gerçekleştirdiği politikalardaki höristik karar alma sürecinin etkisi yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Höristiğin özellikle popülizmin dijital ortamlardaki yüzü olan popülizm 2.0’da önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada popülizm 2.0’da höristik karar alma sürecinin kullanımının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitekim Donald Trump’ın göreve başlamasından sonra 20 Ocak 2017 ile 28 Şubat 2017 arasındaki tweetleri ele alınmış, toplamda 216 tweet içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bunlardan popülist içerikli olan 7 tanesi eleştirel söylem analiziyle çözümlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda stratejiyi oluşturmada alınan karar alma sürecinde höristiğin temsililik, ulaşılabilirlik ve referans türlerinin varlığı ortaya koyulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İletişim Çalışmaları Höristik Popülizm 2.0 İçerik Analizi Eleştirel Söylem Analizi
Kaynakça
- Büyüköztürk, Ş, Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, E. Ö, Karadeniz, Ş, Demirel, F. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Chadwick, A., ve Stromer-Galley, J. (2016). Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), 283-293.
- Cheviron, N. T. (2009). Haber-Yorumdan Seyir ve Gösteriye. Y. İnceoğlu, ve N. A. Çomak içinde, Metin Çözümlemeleri (ss. 55-70). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Çelik, Ç. (2013). İMKB’de İşlem Yapan Yatırımcıların Davranışlarını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. hhtps://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 337480 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2022).
- Çelik, H., ve Ekşi, H. (2008). Söylem Analizi. http://dspace.marmara.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11424/1193/164229561SM.pdf?sequence=1. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2022).
- Dancey, L., ve Sheagley, G. (2013). Heuristics Behaving Badly: Party Cues and Voter Knowledge. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 312-325.
- Doyuran, L. (2018). Medyatik Bir Çalışma Alanı Olarak Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi (Televizyon Dizileri Örneğinde), Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5 (4), 301-323.
- Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
- Fortunato, D., ve Stevenson, R. T. (2013). Perceptions of Partisan Ideologies: the Effect of Coalition Participation. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 549-477.
- Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon Book.
- Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gerbaudo, P. (2014). Populism 2.0: Social Media Activism, the Generic Internet User and Interactive Direct Democracy. C. Fuchs, ve C. Fuchs (Dü.) içinde, Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (ss. 67-87). Abingdon: Routledge.
- Gidron, N., ve Bonikowski, B. (2014). Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda. Weatherhead Working Paper Series, 13(2), 0-38.
- Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Fast And Frugal Heuristics: The Tools Of Bounded Rationality. D. J. Koehler, N. Harvey, D. J. Koehler, ve N. Harvey (Dü) içinde, Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (ss. 62-88). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Gigerenzer, G., ve Brighton, H. (2009). Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 107-143.
- Gimenez, E., ve Natalie, S. (2016). The Visual Construction of ‘the People’ and ‘prox- imity to the People’ on the Online Platforms of the National Front and Swiss People’s Party. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, 41(2), 213-242.
- Gür, T. (2013). Post-modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Söylem Çözümlemesi. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken/Journal of World of Turks, 5(1), 185-202.
- Hersh, E. D. (2015). Hacking the Electorate. How Campaigns Perceive Voters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Janis, L. (1949). The Problem of Validating Content Analysis. New York: George W. Stewart.
- Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., ve Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristic and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kam, C. D., ve Zechmeister, E. J. (2013). Name Recognition and Candidate Support. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), 971-986.
- Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., ve Jerit, J. (2000). Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship. The Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790-816.
- Lau, R. R., ve Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951-971.
- Miler, K. C. (2009). The Limitations of Heuristics for Political Elites. Political Psychology, 30(6), 863-894.
- Mondak, J. J. (1993). Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues. Political Behavior, 15(2), 167-192.
- Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 542-563.
- Postill, J. (2019). Populism and Social Media: A Global Perspective. https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/populism-and-social-media-a-global. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022).
- Schafer, A. (2021). Digital Heuristics: How Parties Strategize Political Communication in Hybrid Media Environments. New Media & Society, 2(3), 1-18.
- Schwartz-Shea, P., ve Yanow, D. (2012). Interpretive Research Design, Concepts and Processes. New York: Routledge.
- Shah, A. K., ve Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Heuristics Made Easy: An Effort-Reduction Framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 207-222.
- Simon, H. A. (1990). Invariants of Human Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 1-19.
- Sözen, E. (1999). Söylem: Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi/Güç ve Refleksivite. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Tversky, A., ve Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic For Judging Frequency and Probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232.
- Üşür-Sancar, S. (1997). İdeolojinin Serüveni Yanlış Bilinç ve Hegemonyadan Söyleme, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
- Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., ve Aalberg, T. (2017). Political Communication in A High-Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3-27.
- Van Dijk, T. (2006). Ideology, and Discourse, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2022)
- Van Dijk, T. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Vis, B. (2018). Heuristics and Political Elites’ Judgement and Decision Making. Political Studies Review, 17(1), 41-52.
- Waisbord, S., ve Amado, A. (2017). Populist Communication by Digital Means: Presidential Twitter in Latin America. Information Communication and Society, 20(9), 1330-1346.
- Wodak, R. (2012). Politics as Usual. New York: Routledge.
- Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage.
- Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
The Usage of The Heuristic Decision-Making Process in Populism 2.0: An Analysis on Donald Trump's Tweets
Öz
The heuristic decision-making process is generally used in all areas of life. The concept, which is discussed in many subject frameworks, goes through a descriptive evaluation made around political voters. However, the effect of the use of heuristic decision making on the spread policies of political actors on their target audiences has not been sufficiently investigated. Heuristics is thought to be especially important in populism 2.0, which is the face of populism in digital environments. In this study, it is aimed to examine the use of heuristic decision-making process in populism 2.0. As a matter of fact, Donald Trump's tweets between January 20, 2017 and February 28, 2017, after he took office, were analyzed and a total of 216 tweets were analyzed. 7 of them with populist content were analyzed by critical discourse analysis. As a result of the analysis, the presence of representation, accessibility and reference types of heuristics were revealed in the decision-making process taken in forming the strategy.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Communication Studies Heuristics Populism 2.0 Content Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis
Kaynakça
- Büyüköztürk, Ş, Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, E. Ö, Karadeniz, Ş, Demirel, F. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Chadwick, A., ve Stromer-Galley, J. (2016). Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), 283-293.
- Cheviron, N. T. (2009). Haber-Yorumdan Seyir ve Gösteriye. Y. İnceoğlu, ve N. A. Çomak içinde, Metin Çözümlemeleri (ss. 55-70). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Çelik, Ç. (2013). İMKB’de İşlem Yapan Yatırımcıların Davranışlarını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. hhtps://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 337480 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2022).
- Çelik, H., ve Ekşi, H. (2008). Söylem Analizi. http://dspace.marmara.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11424/1193/164229561SM.pdf?sequence=1. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2022).
- Dancey, L., ve Sheagley, G. (2013). Heuristics Behaving Badly: Party Cues and Voter Knowledge. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 312-325.
- Doyuran, L. (2018). Medyatik Bir Çalışma Alanı Olarak Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi (Televizyon Dizileri Örneğinde), Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5 (4), 301-323.
- Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
- Fortunato, D., ve Stevenson, R. T. (2013). Perceptions of Partisan Ideologies: the Effect of Coalition Participation. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 549-477.
- Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon Book.
- Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gerbaudo, P. (2014). Populism 2.0: Social Media Activism, the Generic Internet User and Interactive Direct Democracy. C. Fuchs, ve C. Fuchs (Dü.) içinde, Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (ss. 67-87). Abingdon: Routledge.
- Gidron, N., ve Bonikowski, B. (2014). Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda. Weatherhead Working Paper Series, 13(2), 0-38.
- Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Fast And Frugal Heuristics: The Tools Of Bounded Rationality. D. J. Koehler, N. Harvey, D. J. Koehler, ve N. Harvey (Dü) içinde, Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (ss. 62-88). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Gigerenzer, G., ve Brighton, H. (2009). Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 107-143.
- Gimenez, E., ve Natalie, S. (2016). The Visual Construction of ‘the People’ and ‘prox- imity to the People’ on the Online Platforms of the National Front and Swiss People’s Party. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, 41(2), 213-242.
- Gür, T. (2013). Post-modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Söylem Çözümlemesi. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken/Journal of World of Turks, 5(1), 185-202.
- Hersh, E. D. (2015). Hacking the Electorate. How Campaigns Perceive Voters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Janis, L. (1949). The Problem of Validating Content Analysis. New York: George W. Stewart.
- Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., ve Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristic and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kam, C. D., ve Zechmeister, E. J. (2013). Name Recognition and Candidate Support. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), 971-986.
- Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., ve Jerit, J. (2000). Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship. The Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790-816.
- Lau, R. R., ve Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951-971.
- Miler, K. C. (2009). The Limitations of Heuristics for Political Elites. Political Psychology, 30(6), 863-894.
- Mondak, J. J. (1993). Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues. Political Behavior, 15(2), 167-192.
- Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 542-563.
- Postill, J. (2019). Populism and Social Media: A Global Perspective. https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/populism-and-social-media-a-global. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022).
- Schafer, A. (2021). Digital Heuristics: How Parties Strategize Political Communication in Hybrid Media Environments. New Media & Society, 2(3), 1-18.
- Schwartz-Shea, P., ve Yanow, D. (2012). Interpretive Research Design, Concepts and Processes. New York: Routledge.
- Shah, A. K., ve Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Heuristics Made Easy: An Effort-Reduction Framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 207-222.
- Simon, H. A. (1990). Invariants of Human Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 1-19.
- Sözen, E. (1999). Söylem: Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi/Güç ve Refleksivite. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Tversky, A., ve Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic For Judging Frequency and Probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232.
- Üşür-Sancar, S. (1997). İdeolojinin Serüveni Yanlış Bilinç ve Hegemonyadan Söyleme, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
- Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., ve Aalberg, T. (2017). Political Communication in A High-Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3-27.
- Van Dijk, T. (2006). Ideology, and Discourse, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2022)
- Van Dijk, T. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Vis, B. (2018). Heuristics and Political Elites’ Judgement and Decision Making. Political Studies Review, 17(1), 41-52.
- Waisbord, S., ve Amado, A. (2017). Populist Communication by Digital Means: Presidential Twitter in Latin America. Information Communication and Society, 20(9), 1330-1346.
- Wodak, R. (2012). Politics as Usual. New York: Routledge.
- Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage.
- Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 |
